Mortalidade de professores no estado de Goiás: análise de série temporal / Mortality of teachers in the state of Goiás: a time serie analysis

Análise de perfil epidemiológico e a tendência da mortalidade de professores da educação básica e do ensino superior no Estado de Goiás, no período de 2008 a 2017. Método: série temporal, com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Para a análise da tendência da mortalidade utilizou-se modelos de regressão linear e considerou-se p<0,05. Resultados: foram levantados 2.439 óbitos, maior frequência de óbitos no sexo feminino, em indivíduos de cor branca e com idade entre 50 e 69 anos. Entre as mulheres, as neoplasias malignas foram as principais causas de óbito, enquanto entre os homens destacaram-se as doenças do aparelho circulatório. Identificou-se tendência temporal de aumento dos óbitos (0,134 para as neoplasias malignas, 0,132 para as doenças do aparelho circulatório, 0,252 para as causas externas e 0,212 para as doenças do aparelho respiratório). Considerando todas as causas de óbito o incremento foi de 0,040 (p<0,000). Conclusão: há aumento de mortalidade de professores por causas evitáveis

Objective: to analyze the epidemiologic profile and the trends in mortality of teachers from basic education and higher education professors in the state of Goiás, in the period from 2008 to 2017. Method: time series, with data from the Mortality Information System. In order to analyze the trend in mortality, a linear regression model was used, considering p<0.05. Results: 2,439 deaths were recorded, with higher frequency of deaths within female sex, white and aged from 50 to 69 years. Among the women, malignant neoplasms were the main causes of death, whilst among men, circulatory system diseases stood out. It was identified a temporal trend of increase in deaths (0.134 for malignant neoplasms, 0.132 for circulatory system diseases, 0.252 for external causes and 0.212 for respiratory system diseases). Considering all the causes of death, the increase was 0.040 (p<0.000). Conclusion: there is an increase in mortality of teachers and professors due to avoidable causes

Correlation between fatigue and quality of life self-reported by adolescents with cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVES: to investigate the correlation between fatigue and quality of life in adolescents with cerebral palsy who are susceptible to more significant fatigue and lower quality of life. METHODS: cross-sectional study conducted with 101 adolescents with cerebral palsy. Instruments such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Gross Motor Function Classification System were used, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman tests were applied. RESULTS: older adolescents self-reported higher fatigue levels, and female adolescents, quadriplegic, with worse motor function, older, and not attending school had lower quality of life scores. Higher fatigue levels correlated with lower quality of life in all domains (p<0.01), especially in tiredness (general and mental) and functioning (social, academic, and psychosocial). CONCLUSIONS: fatigue correlated negatively with the quality of life of adolescents with cerebral palsy, showing that the higher the level of fatigue, the more compromised is the adolescents' life.

Correlation between fatigue and quality of life self-reported by adolescents with cerebral palsy / Correlación entre fatiga y calidad de vida de autoinformes de adolescentes con parálisis cerebral / Correlação entre fadiga e qualidade de vida autorrelatadas por adolescentes com paralisia cerebral

ABSTRACT Objectives: to investigate the correlation between fatigue and quality of life in adolescents with cerebral palsy who are susceptible to more significant fatigue and lower quality of life. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with 101 adolescents with cerebral palsy. Instruments such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Gross Motor Function Classification System were used, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman tests were applied. Results: older adolescents self-reported higher fatigue levels, and female adolescents, quadriplegic, with worse motor function, older, and not attending school had lower quality of life scores. Higher fatigue levels correlated with lower quality of life in all domains (p<0.01), especially in tiredness (general and mental) and functioning (social, academic, and psychosocial). Conclusions: fatigue correlated negatively with the quality of life of adolescents with cerebral palsy, showing that the higher the level of fatigue, the more compromised is the adolescents' life.

RESUMEN Objetivos: investigar correlación entre fatiga y calidad de vida en adolescentes con parálisis cerebral y susceptibles a mayor fatiga y a menor calidad de vida. Métodos: estudio transversal conducido con 101 adolescentes con parálisis cerebral. Utilizado los instrumentos Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory y Gross Motor Function Classification System. Aplicadas las pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney y de Spearman. Resultados: adolescentes mayores informaron mayor nivel de fatiga; y adolescentes del sexo femenino, cuadripléjicos, con peor función motora, mayores y que no frecuentaban escuela presentaron menores escores de calidad de vida. Mayor nivel de fatiga se correlacionó con menor calidad de vida en todos los dominios (p<0,01), principalmente en agotamiento (general y mental) y en función (social, escolar y psicosocial). Conclusiones: la fatiga se correlacionó negativamente con la calidad de vida de adolescentes con parálisis cerebral, mostrando que, cuanto mayor el nivel de fatiga, más comprometida es la vida de los adolescentes.

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar a correlação entre fadiga e qualidade de vida em adolescentes com paralisia cerebral e suscetíveis à maior fadiga e à menor qualidade de vida. Métodos: estudo transversal conduzido com 101 adolescentes com paralisia cerebral. Utilizaram-se os instrumentos Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory e Gross Motor Function Classification System. Aplicaram-se os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney e de Spearman. Resultados: adolescentes mais velhos autorrelataram maior nível de fadiga; e adolescentes do sexo feminino, quadriplégicos, com pior função motora, mais velhos e que não frequentavam escola apresentaram menores escores de qualidade de vida. Maior nível de fadiga correlacionou-se com menor qualidade de vida em todos os domínios (p<0,01), principalmente em cansaço (geral e mental) e em função (social, escolar e psicossocial). Conclusões: a fadiga correlacionou-se negativamente com a qualidade de vida de adolescentes com paralisia cerebral, mostrando que, quanto maior o nível de fadiga, mais comprometida é a vida dos adolescentes.

Trend of fall-related mortality among the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of fall-related mortality in elderly in Brazil from 2008 to 2016. METHOD: Study of time series of rates of fall-related mortality according to CID-10 from 2008 to 2016. Data from the Mortality Information System on death registers of people ≥ 60 living in Brazil were used. The specific rates of fall-related mortality among the elderly were calculated through the ratio between the number of deaths and the elderly population of that year and region. The populational information was obtained from the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The variation rate and temporal trend were obtained through linear regression (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The fall-related deaths among the elderly aged ≥ 60 amounted to 72,234 (31.2%). Falls from the same level were the most frequent (53.8%) and death rates in all ages ranged from 29.7 to 44.7 per 100,000 elders. Fall-related deaths increased with age. CONCLUSION: There was a growing trend of fall-related deaths among elderly in all age groups, an event which is avoidable through the adoption of preventive measures. The high rates and growing trend of fall-related deaths, as well as the aging of the Brazilian population, suggest that public policies for protecting the elderly must be prioritized.

Trends in pediatric hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive respiratory diseases in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend in hospitalization rates for ambulatory care sensitive respiratory diseases (ACSRD) of children under five years of age in Brazil. DESIGN: Time series study of hospitalization rates using secondary information from the Hospital Information System of the Brazil's Unified Health System. SAMPLE: Hospitalizations of children under five years of age living in Brazilian regions. Hospitalizations were separated according to cause: nose and throat infections, asthma, bacterial pneumonias, and lung diseases. MEASUREMENTS: Rates were calculated for total hospitalizations for ACSRD, and by cause, age group, and region. Trends were analyzed by using means of simple linear regression and were classified into stationary (p ≥ .05), ascending (ß positive and p < .05) or declining (ß negative and p < .05) trends. RESULTS: All regions showed stationary trends in total hospitalization rates for ACSRDs, except in the Southeast, where trends were ascending. Asthma was the only cause that showed a declining trend. Bacterial pneumonias showed stationary trends, while lung diseases and nose and throat infections had predominantly ascending trends. CONCLUSION: Brazil's hospitalization rates for ACSRDs are high. Investigations into primary health care organization and work processes, as well as socioeconomic, cultural, and geographical factors are necessary.

Analysis of the trend of hospitalizations for asthma in children and adolescents in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend of hospitalizations for asthma in children and adolescents by region and age group in Brazil, from 2008 to 2017. METHOD: This is a time-series study with secondary data regarding hospitalizations for asthma in children and adolescents, according to age, region, and gender. Descriptive statistics procedures were used with measures of central tendency to calculate the variation between the periods of 2008 and 2017. Rates of hospitalizations were calculated specifically by age group and region. Time trend analysis was performed by simple linear regression, considered as stationary (p>0.05), declining (p<0.05 and negative regression coefficient), or ascending (p<0.05) and positive regression coefficient). RESULTS: The present study identified a higher proportion of hospitalizations for asthma in Brazil in children aged 5-9 years. Regarding gender, there were more hospitalizations in boys. The region that presented the highest proportion of hospitalizations, in all age groups investigated, was the Northeast. As for the trend analysis, this article showed that, in Brazil, there was a trend toward a reduction in hospitalization rates for asthma. CONCLUSION: In Brazil, there was a tendency to reduce hospitalizations for all investigated age groups. The Northeast was the only region that showed a decline in all age groups.

Trend of fall-related mortality among the elderly / Tendencia de la mortalidad por caídas en los ancianos / Tendência de mortalidade por quedas em idosos

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of fall-related mortality in elderly in Brazil from 2008 to 2016. Method: Study of time series of rates of fall-related mortality according to CID-10 from 2008 to 2016. Data from the Mortality Information System on death registers of people ≥ 60 living in Brazil were used. The specific rates of fall-related mortality among the elderly were calculated through the ratio between the number of deaths and the elderly population of that year and region. The populational information was obtained from the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The variation rate and temporal trend were obtained through linear regression (p < 0.05). Results: The fall-related deaths among the elderly aged ≥ 60 amounted to 72,234 (31.2%). Falls from the same level were the most frequent (53.8%) and death rates in all ages ranged from 29.7 to 44.7 per 100,000 elders. Fall-related deaths increased with age. Conclusion: There was a growing trend of fall-related deaths among elderly in all age groups, an event which is avoidable through the adoption of preventive measures. The high rates and growing trend of fall-related deaths, as well as the aging of the Brazilian population, suggest that public policies for protecting the elderly must be prioritized.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por caídas en ancianos en Brasil de 2008 a 2016. Método: Estudio de serie temporal de las tasas de mortalidad por caídas según CIE-10 de 2008 a 2016. Se utilizaron datos de los registros de defunción de residentes en Brasil con edad ≥ 60 años disponibles en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. Las tasas de mortalidad específica por caídas en los ancianos se calcularon mediante el cociente entre el número de muertes y la población de ancianos por año y región. La información poblacional se obtuvo de los censos de 2000 y 2010. La tasa de variación y la tendencia temporal se obtuvieron mediante regresión lineal (p < 0,05). Resultados: Se identificaron 72.234 (31,2%) muertes por caídas en ancianos ≥ 60 años. Las caídas desde el mismo nivel fueron las más frecuentes (53,8%) y las tasas de mortalidad en todas las edades oscilaron entre 29,7 y 44,7 por cada 100.000 ancianos. Las muertes por caídas aumentaron según la edad. Conclusión: Hubo una tendencia al aumento de las muertes por caídas en los ancianos en todos los grupos de edad, un evento evitable con la adopción de medidas preventivas. Las elevadas tasas y la tendencia al aumento de las muertes por caída, así como el envejecimiento de la población brasileña, sugieren que las políticas públicas de protección a los ancianos deben ser prioritarias.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade por quedas em idosos no Brasil de 2008 a 2016. Método: Estudo de série temporal das taxas de mortalidade por quedas segundo CID-10 de 2008 a 2016. Utilizaram-se dados de registro de óbito de residentes no Brasil, com idade ≥ 60 anos, constantes no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade específica por quedas em idosos por meio da razão entre o número de óbitos e a população idosa residente naquele ano e região. As informações populacionais foram obtidas dos censos de 2000 e 2010. A taxa de variação e a tendência temporal foram obtidas por regressão linear (p < 0,05). Resultados: Foram identificados 72.234 (31,2%) óbitos por quedas em idosos ≥ 60 anos. Quedas no mesmo nível foram as mais frequentes (53,8%) e as taxas de óbito em todas as idades variaram de 29,7 a 44,7 por 100.000 idosos. Os óbitos por queda aumentaram conforme a idade. Conclusão: Houve tendência crescente de óbitos por quedas em idosos em todas as faixas etárias, eventos evitáveis com a adoção de medidas preventivas. As elevadas taxas e a tendência de aumento dos óbitos por queda, bem como o envelhecimento da população brasileira, sugerem que políticas públicas de proteção aos idosos devem ser priorizadas.

Profile of female deaths by homicide in the city of Goiânia.

OBJECTIVES: to identify the female homicide profile in the city of Goiânia. METHODS: a cross-sectional, descriptive study that characterized female deaths by homicide from 2008 to 2015. They occurred in Goiânia, and registered in the Mortality Information System. Cases of homicide of women aged ≥ 10 years were eligible. Other causes of death were excluded. Descriptive statistical analysis with frequencies. RESULTS: three hundred seventy-six women died from assault, with an increase in the percentage of deaths annually. Most of the victims were young (57.5%), single (78.8%), mixed-ethnicity (61.1%) and with low education (58.4%). The most frequent means of assault was firearm (64.0%). The health districts with the highest record of female deaths due to assault were southwest, center and northwest. CONCLUSIONS: the predominant profile of women victims of femicide was young, mixed-ethnicity, single, with low level of education and living in less favored regions.

Profile of female deaths by homicide in the city of Goiânia / Perfil de homicidio muerte de mujeres en la ciudad de Goiania / Perfil dos óbitos femininos por homicídios no município de Goiânia

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the female homicide profile in the city of Goiânia. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study that characterized female deaths by homicide from 2008 to 2015. They occurred in Goiânia, and registered in the Mortality Information System. Cases of homicide of women aged ≥ 10 years were eligible. Other causes of death were excluded. Descriptive statistical analysis with frequencies. Results: three hundred seventy-six women died from assault, with an increase in the percentage of deaths annually. Most of the victims were young (57.5%), single (78.8%), mixed-ethnicity (61.1%) and with low education (58.4%). The most frequent means of assault was firearm (64.0%). The health districts with the highest record of female deaths due to assault were southwest, center and northwest. Conclusions: the predominant profile of women victims of femicide was young, mixed-ethnicity, single, with low level of education and living in less favored regions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar el perfil de homicidios femeninos en la cuidad de Goiânia. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que caracterizó las muertes de mujeres por homicidios de 2008 a 2015, ocurridas en Goiânia, registradas en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Los casos de homicidio de mujeres ≥ 10 años que vivían en Goiânia eran elegibles. Se excluyeron otras causas de muerte. Análisis estadístico descriptivo con frecuencias. Resultados: 376 mujeres murieron por agresión, con un aumento en el porcentaje de muertes anuales. La mayoría de las víctimas eran jóvenes (57.5%), solteras (78.8%), mestizas (61.1%) y con baja educación (58.4%). El medio de agresión más frecuente fue con un arma de fuego (64.0%). Los distritos de salud con el mayor número de muertes de mujeres debido a la agresión fueron Suroeste, Centro y Noroeste, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el perfil predominante de mujeres víctimas de feminicidio era joven, morena, soltera, con bajo nivel educativo y viviendo en regiones menos favorecidas.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar o perfil de homicídios femininos no município de Goiânia, Goiás. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, que caracterizou os óbitos femininos por homicídios de 2008 a 2015, ocorridos em Goiânia, registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foram elegíveis casos de homicídios de mulheres com idade ≥ 10 anos que residiam em Goiânia. Foram excluídas as outras causas de morte. Análise estatística descritiva com frequências. Resultados: 376 mulheres morreram por agressão, observando-se um aumento da porcentagem de óbitos anualmente. A maioria das vítimas era jovens (57,5%), solteiras (78,8%), pardas (61,1 %) e de baixa escolaridade (58,4%). O meio de agressão mais frequente foi com arma de fogo (64,0%). Os distritos sanitários com maior registro de óbitos femininos por agressão foram Sudoeste, Centro e Noroeste, respectivamente. Conclusões: o perfil predominante das mulheres vítimas de feminicídio foi jovens, pardas, solteiras, com baixo nível de escolaridade e moradoras de regiões menos favorecidas.

Profile of female deaths by homicide in the city of Goiânia / Perfil de homicidio muerte de mujeres en la ciudad de Goiania / Perfil dos óbitos femininos por homicídios no município de Goiânia

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the female homicide profile in the city of Goiânia. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study that characterized female deaths by homicide from 2008 to 2015. They occurred in Goiânia, and registered in the Mortality Information System. Cases of homicide of women aged ≥ 10 years were eligible. Other causes of death were excluded. Descriptive statistical analysis with frequencies. Results: three hundred seventy-six women died from assault, with an increase in the percentage of deaths annually. Most of the victims were young (57.5%), single (78.8%), mixed-ethnicity (61.1%) and with low education (58.4%). The most frequent means of assault was firearm (64.0%). The health districts with the highest record of female deaths due to assault were southwest, center and northwest. Conclusions: the predominant profile of women victims of femicide was young, mixed-ethnicity, single, with low level of education and living in less favored regions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar el perfil de homicidios femeninos en la cuidad de Goiânia. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal que caracterizó las muertes de mujeres por homicidios de 2008 a 2015, ocurridas en Goiânia, registradas en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Los casos de homicidio de mujeres ≥ 10 años que vivían en Goiânia eran elegibles. Se excluyeron otras causas de muerte. Análisis estadístico descriptivo con frecuencias. Resultados: 376 mujeres murieron por agresión, con un aumento en el porcentaje de muertes anuales. La mayoría de las víctimas eran jóvenes (57.5%), solteras (78.8%), mestizas (61.1%) y con baja educación (58.4%). El medio de agresión más frecuente fue con un arma de fuego (64.0%). Los distritos de salud con el mayor número de muertes de mujeres debido a la agresión fueron Suroeste, Centro y Noroeste, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el perfil predominante de mujeres víctimas de feminicidio era joven, morena, soltera, con bajo nivel educativo y viviendo en regiones menos favorecidas.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar o perfil de homicídios femininos no município de Goiânia, Goiás. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, que caracterizou os óbitos femininos por homicídios de 2008 a 2015, ocorridos em Goiânia, registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foram elegíveis casos de homicídios de mulheres com idade ≥ 10 anos que residiam em Goiânia. Foram excluídas as outras causas de morte. Análise estatística descritiva com frequências. Resultados: 376 mulheres morreram por agressão, observando-se um aumento da porcentagem de óbitos anualmente. A maioria das vítimas era jovens (57,5%), solteiras (78,8%), pardas (61,1 %) e de baixa escolaridade (58,4%). O meio de agressão mais frequente foi com arma de fogo (64,0%). Os distritos sanitários com maior registro de óbitos femininos por agressão foram Sudoeste, Centro e Noroeste, respectivamente. Conclusões: o perfil predominante das mulheres vítimas de feminicídio foi jovens, pardas, solteiras, com baixo nível de escolaridade e moradoras de regiões menos favorecidas.

Hospitalization costs of severe bacterial pneumonia in children: comparative analysis considering different costing methods.

OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare hospitalization costs of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia cases via different costing methods under the Brazilian Public Unified Health System perspective. METHODS: Cost-of-illness study based on primary data collected from a sample of 59 children aged between 28 days and 35 months and hospitalized due to bacterial pneumonia. Direct medical and non-medical costs were considered and three costing methods employed: micro-costing based on medical record review, micro-costing based on therapeutic guidelines and gross-costing based on the Brazilian Public Unified Health System reimbursement rates. Costs estimates obtained via different methods were compared using the Friedman test. RESULTS: Cost estimates of inpatient cases of severe pneumonia amounted to R$ 780,70/$Int. 858.7 (medical record review), R$ 641,90/$Int. 706.90 (therapeutic guidelines) and R$ 594,80/$Int. 654.28 (Brazilian Public Unified Health System reimbursement rates). Costs estimated via micro-costing (medical record review or therapeutic guidelines) did not differ significantly (p=0.405), while estimates based on reimbursement rates were significantly lower compared to estimates based on therapeutic guidelines (p<0.001) or record review (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Brazilian Public Unified Health System costs estimated via different costing methods differ significantly, with gross-costing yielding lower cost estimates. Given costs estimated by different micro-costing methods are similar and costing methods based on therapeutic guidelines are easier to apply and less expensive, this method may be a valuable alternative for estimation of hospitalization costs of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia in children. OBJETIVO: Determinar e comparar custos hospitalares no tratamento da pneumonia bacteriana adquirida na comunidade por diferentes metodologias de custeio, na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo de custo, com coleta de dados primários de uma amostra de 59 crianças com 28 dias a 35 meses de idade hospitalizadas por pneumonia bacteriana. Foram considerados custos diretos médicos e não médicos. Três metodologias de custeio foram utilizadas: microcusteio por revisão de prontuários, microcusteio considerando diretriz terapêutica e macrocusteio por ressarcimento do Sistema Único de Saúde. Os custos estimados pelas diferentes metodologias foram comparados utilizando o teste de Friedman. RESULTADOS: Os custos hospitalares de crianças com pneumonia grave foram R$ 780,70 ($Int. 858.7) por revisão de prontuários, R$ 641,90 ($Int. 706.90) por diretriz terapêutica e R$ 594,80 ($Int. 654.28) por ressarcimento do Sistema Único de Saúde, respectivamente. A utilização de metodologias de microcusteio (revisão de prontuários e diretriz) resultou em estimativas de custos equivalentes (p=0,405), enquanto o custo estimado por ressarcimento foi significativamente menor do que aqueles estimados por diretriz (p<0,001) e por revisão de prontuário (p=0,006), sendo, assim, significativamente diferentes. CONCLUSÃO: Na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde, existe diferença significativa nos custos estimados quando se utilizam diferentes metodologias, sendo a estimativa por ressarcimento a que resulta em valores menores. Considerando que não há diferença nos valores de custos estimados por diferentes metodologias de microcusteio, a metodologia de custeio por diretriz, de mais fácil e rápida execução, é uma alternativa válida para estimativa de custos de hospitalização por pneumonias bacterianas em crianças.

Epidemiological profile of patients treated at a psychosocial care center ad III / Perfil epidemiológico dos usuários de um centro de atençãopsicossocial ad III

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at identifying the epidemiological profile of the patients treated at a Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and other type III drugs.Data were collected in 2014 from the records of 519 users, using a previously prepared epidemiological form. Most of patients are men attheproductive age; with low schooling and low family income.Most make use of alcohol, have undergone previous treatments in psychiatric hospitals and attended the unit for treatment by influence of third parties, even when it is contemplated. The users of the service are people with serious social and health commitments and although they are increasing use of crack, which is the current concern of public policies, alcohol is still the drug of predilection and represents the gateway to other drugs

Estudo descritivo transversal realizado com o objetivo de identificar o perfil epidemiológico dos usuários atendidos em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de Álcool e outras drogas tipo III. Os dados foram coletados em 2014 das fichas de acolhimento de 519 usuários, utilizando um formulário epidemiológico previamente elaborado. Constatou-se que a maioria dos usuários é do sexo masculino e em idade produtiva; com baixa escolaridade e baixa renda familiar. A maioria faz uso de álcool, passou por tratamentos anteriores em hospitais psiquiátricos e compareceu à unidade para tratamento por influência de terceiros, mesmo quando se dizem contemplados. Os usuários do serviço são pessoas com graves comprometimentos sociais e de saúde e embora apresentem uso crescente de crack, que é a preocupação atual por parte das políticas públicas, o álcool ainda é a droga de predileção e representa a porta de entrada para outras drogas.

Hospitalization costs of severe bacterial pneumonia in children: comparative analysis considering different costing methods / Custos hospitalares de pneumonia bacteriana grave em crianças: análise comparativa por diferentes métodos de custeio

ABSTRACT Objective To determine and compare hospitalization costs of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia cases via different costing methods under the Brazilian Public Unified Health System perspective. Methods Cost-of-illness study based on primary data collected from a sample of 59 children aged between 28 days and 35 months and hospitalized due to bacterial pneumonia. Direct medical and non-medical costs were considered and three costing methods employed: micro-costing based on medical record review, micro-costing based on therapeutic guidelines and gross-costing based on the Brazilian Public Unified Health System reimbursement rates. Costs estimates obtained via different methods were compared using the Friedman test. Results Cost estimates of inpatient cases of severe pneumonia amounted to R$ 780,70/$Int. 858.7 (medical record review), R$ 641,90/$Int. 706.90 (therapeutic guidelines) and R$ 594,80/$Int. 654.28 (Brazilian Public Unified Health System reimbursement rates). Costs estimated via micro-costing (medical record review or therapeutic guidelines) did not differ significantly (p=0.405), while estimates based on reimbursement rates were significantly lower compared to estimates based on therapeutic guidelines (p<0.001) or record review (p=0.006). Conclusion Brazilian Public Unified Health System costs estimated via different costing methods differ significantly, with gross-costing yielding lower cost estimates. Given costs estimated by different micro-costing methods are similar and costing methods based on therapeutic guidelines are easier to apply and less expensive, this method may be a valuable alternative for estimation of hospitalization costs of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia in children.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar e comparar custos hospitalares no tratamento da pneumonia bacteriana adquirida na comunidade por diferentes metodologias de custeio, na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos Estudo de custo, com coleta de dados primários de uma amostra de 59 crianças com 28 dias a 35 meses de idade hospitalizadas por pneumonia bacteriana. Foram considerados custos diretos médicos e não médicos. Três metodologias de custeio foram utilizadas: microcusteio por revisão de prontuários, microcusteio considerando diretriz terapêutica e macrocusteio por ressarcimento do Sistema Único de Saúde. Os custos estimados pelas diferentes metodologias foram comparados utilizando o teste de Friedman. Resultados Os custos hospitalares de crianças com pneumonia grave foram R$ 780,70 ($Int. 858.7) por revisão de prontuários, R$ 641,90 ($Int. 706.90) por diretriz terapêutica e R$ 594,80 ($Int. 654.28) por ressarcimento do Sistema Único de Saúde, respectivamente. A utilização de metodologias de microcusteio (revisão de prontuários e diretriz) resultou em estimativas de custos equivalentes (p=0,405), enquanto o custo estimado por ressarcimento foi significativamente menor do que aqueles estimados por diretriz (p<0,001) e por revisão de prontuário (p=0,006), sendo, assim, significativamente diferentes. Conclusão Na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde, existe diferença significativa nos custos estimados quando se utilizam diferentes metodologias, sendo a estimativa por ressarcimento a que resulta em valores menores. Considerando que não há diferença nos valores de custos estimados por diferentes metodologias de microcusteio, a metodologia de custeio por diretriz, de mais fácil e rápida execução, é uma alternativa válida para estimativa de custos de hospitalização por pneumonias bacterianas em crianças.

Conhecimento em saúde sexual e reprodutiva: estudo transversal com adolescentes / Sexual and reproductive health knowledge: a cross-sectional study with adolescents

Objetivou investigar e comparar o conhecimento sobre saúde sexual e reprodutiva, e fontes de informação, entre adolescentes de escolas públicas de Goiânia-Goiás. Estudo de corte transversal realizado com 2449 escolares. Os dados do questionário auto aplicável foram analisados pelo Statistical Package Social Science, versão 13.0. As diferenças entre as proporções foram analisadas pelos testes de c2 e nível de significância (p<0,05). Observou-se diferença estatística entre os sexos considerando o conhecimento sobre Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis e métodos de prevenção às IST e contracepção (p<0,000), também, adolescentes do sexo masculino apresentaram maior risco de exposição a relações sexuais sem preservativo (p<0,000). Em relação à aquisição de métodos preventivos para IST e contracepção, mulheres demonstraram mais conhecimento de locais de acesso aos dispositivos, bem como buscavam em variadas fontes, informações acerca de conteúdos relacianados à saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Conclui-se que adolescentes do sexo masculino apresentaram maior perfil de vulnerabilidade social e individual.

The objective was to investigate and compare sexual and reproductive knowledge and sources of information, between public school adolescents from Goiânia-Goiás. A cross-sectional study conducted with 2,449 students. We analyzed data from the self-reported questionnaire using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 13.0. We investigated the differences between proportions using c2 tests and a significance level (p<0.05). We observed a statistical difference between sex considering the knowledge about Sexually Transmitted Infections and, STI and contraception prevention (p<0.000). Additionally, male adolescents presented higher exposure risk to sexual relations without preservative (p<0.000). About the acquisition of preventive methods for STIs and contraception, women were more knowledgeable about access to devices, as well as; they searched different sources and content information about sexual and reproductive health. We concluded that male adolescents presented higher social and individual vulnerability profiles.

Vaccination Coverage and Compliance with Three Recommended Schedules of 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine during the First Year of Its Introduction in Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Pneumococcal 10-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced to Brazil's National Immunization Program (NIP) in 2010. During the first year of vaccine introduction three schedules were used to deal with age at initiation of PCV for catch-up purposes: 3 primary doses + 1 booster (for children aged ≤6 months), a catch-up schedule of 2 doses + 1 booster (7-11 months), and a catch-up schedule of a single dose (12-15 months). The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude and associated risk factors for under-vaccination or lack of on time vaccination six to eight months after PCV10 introduction. A household survey was conducted in the municipality of Goiania with 1,237 children, who were retroactively classified into one of three age groups, as a factor of the child's age relatively to 30 days after PCV10 introduction. Socioeconomic characteristics and vaccination dates were obtained during home interviews. Vaccination coverage was defined as the percentage of children who completed the recommended number of doses. Compliance with recommended schedules was defined as the percentage of children who received all valid doses at the NIP recommended time interval. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of variables independently associated with coverage and compliance were estimated by log binomial regression. Coverage of DTP-Hib was used for comparison purposes. Overall, vaccination coverage was 54.6% (95% CI 52.1-57.7%), lower than DTP-Hib coverage (93.0%; 95% CI 91.5-94.3%). Compliance with recommended schedules was 16.8% (95% CI: 14.7-18.6%). Children 7-11 months old had lower coverage (40.7%) and compliance (6.3%) compared to children aged 12-15 months (coverage: 88.8%; compliance: 35.6%) and ≤6 months old (coverage: 54%; compliance: 18.8%). Having private health insurance was associated with higher PCV10 coverage (PR=1.25; 95% CI: 1.06-1.47, p=0.007), and compliance (PR=1.09; 95% CI: 1.02-1.16, p=0.015). Although PCV10 coverage rapidly increased shortly after vaccination introduction, it was not matched by compliance with recommended schedules. Public initiatives should target compliance of PCV10 because of the burden of pneumococcal diseases on childhood morbidity and mortality.

Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus carriage in neonates admitted to an intensive care unit in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Nasal colonization with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) has been described as a risk factor for subsequent systemic infection. In this study, we evaluated the genetic profile of CoNS isolates colonizing the nares of children admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: We assessed CoNS carriage at admittance and discharge among newborns admitted to a NICU from July 2007 through May 2008 in one of the major municipalities of Brazil. Isolates were screened on mannitol salt agar and tryptic soy broth and tested for susceptibility to antimicrobials using the disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the species, the presence of the mecA gene, and to perform SCCmec typing. S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus isolated from the same child at both admission and discharge were characterized by PFGE. RESULTS: Among 429 neonates admitted to the NICU, 392 (91.4%) had nasal swabs collected at both admission and discharge. The incidence of CoNS during the hospitalization period was 55.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50.9-60.7). The most frequently isolated species were S. haemolyticus (38.3%) and S.epidermidis (38.0%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 2.2% and 29.9% of the CoNS isolates, respectively at admittance and discharge (p = 0.053). The mecA gene was more prevalent among strains isolated at discharge (83.6%) than those isolated at admission (60%); overall, SCCmec type I was isolated most frequently. The length of hospitalization was associated with colonization by MDR isolates (p < 0.005). Great genetic diversity was observed among S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus. CONCLUSIONS: NICU represents an environment of risk for colonization by MDR CoNS. Neonates admitted to the NICU can become a reservoir of CoNS strains with the potential to spread MDR strains into the community.